MLA Style--College of St. Catherine Libraries

General Form	*Author, Name. “Article Title.” Title of the Journal* Volume (Year): Page number(s).**
One Author	Stino, Sandra. “Writing as Therapy in a County Jail.” Journal of Poetry Therapy 9 (1995): 552-561.
		In-text citation: …or any part of a term (Stino 554-55). Or Stino reports similar findings (554-55).
Scholarly journal, two or three authors	Penney, Sherry H., and James D. Livingston. “Hints for Wives –and Husbands.” Journal of Women’s History 15 (2003): 180-187.
		In-text citation: …(Penney and Livingston 182). If three authors (list all three): (Penney, Livingston, and Forbes 155-58).
Scholarly journal, more than three authors	Twist, Liz, Michela Gnaldi, Ian Schagen, and Jo Morrison. “Good Readers but at a Cost? Attitudes to Reading in England.” Journal of Research in Reading 27 (2004): 387-400.
		Note: Use et al. for more than 3 authors. Or, you may give all of the authors in the order in which they appear. In-text citation: (Twist et al. 388-89).

Scholarly journal (print) that pages each issue separately

General Form	*Author, Name. “Article Title.” Title of the Journal* Volume.issuenumber (Year): page(s).**
Example	Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News.” Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992): 5-24.

Magazines (print)

Published monthly	*Author, Name. “Article Title.” Title of the Magazine* Mon. Year: pages. (Note:** do not give the volume and issue numbers)
	Murphy, Cullen. “Women and the Bible.” Atlantic Monthly Aug. 1993: 39-64.
Published every week or two weeks	*Author, Name (if given). “Article Title.” Title of the Magazine* Day Mon. Year: page(s).**
	Bazell, Robert. “Science and Society: Growth Industry.” New Republic 15 Mar. 1993: 13-14.

Scholarly journal (electronic) from an online, subscription database

Example, one author	Harris, Kathleen. "Work and Welfare Among Single Mothers in Poverty." American Journal of Sociology 99.2 (1993): 317-352. JSTOR. College of St. Catherine Library, St. Paul, MN. 19 Sept. 2006 <http://www.jstor.org>.
	See note below on URLs
	In-text citation: According to Harris . . . (338-39). or (Harris 338-39).
Example, more than 3 authors	Woloshin, Steven, et al. "Language Barriers in Medicine." JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association 273 (1995): 724-. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. College of St. Catherine Library, St. Paul, MN. 13 Sept. 2006 <http://search.ebscohost.com >.
		Note: Use et al. for more than 3 authors. Or, you may give all of the authors in the order in which they appear.
	In-text citation: Woloshin et al. made the same conclusions (par. 44-46). or (Woloshin et al. par. 44-46)

Newspapers and non-scholarly journals

Example	Liswood, Laura A. "Gender Politics and the Oval Office: Why Don't Women Run for President?" Baltimore Sun 31 Mar. 1999: 23A. Academic. LEXIS-NEXIS. College of St. Catherine Library, St. Paul, MN. 15 Sept. 2006 <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.
	See note below on URLs
	In-text citation: Liswood writes extensively about . . . (see note below when page numbers aren’t given)
		Note on in-text citations: If a source uses paragraph numbers rather than page numbers, give the relevant number or numbers preceded by the abbreviation par. or pars. According to Sohmer . . . (par. 44). or … (Sohmer, par. 44).
		When a source has no page numbers or when referring to the entire work, do not give any numbers. Instead, cite the work in its entirety. It is preferable to place this citation in the text rather than in a parenthetical reference. Stemple has tried to . . . or Merrian reported on . . .

Database URLs or electronic addresses
See the list of URLs for some of the full-text databases at the CSC Library. You will need to use these in your citations for articles from these databases. Please call the reference desk (651-690-6652) for updates and databases not listed.

Books and reference books

General form	*Author, Name. Title of the Book. Place of publication: Publisher, year.*
One author	Dillard, Annie. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
		In text citation: According to Dillard … (155-59). or … (Dillard 155-59).
Two authors	Kerrigan, William, and Gordon Braden. The Idea of the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989.
		In text citation: Kerrigan and Braden … (214-15). or … (Kerrigan and Braden 214-15).
Three authors	Marquart, James W., Sheldon Ekland Olson, and Jonathan R. Sorensen. The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923-1990. Austin: U of Texas P, 1994.
		In text citation: (Marquart, Olson, and Sorensen 122-28).
More than three authors	Follow examples for journal entries, above. Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 4th ed. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, 2002.
		In text citation: (Lauter et al. 1: 230-38). (Give the volume: pages) or The anthology by Lauter and his coeditors contains…(1: 230-38).
No author given	Report of the President’s Commission on Campus Unrest. New York: Arno, 1970.
		In text citation: (Report 33). Note: provide the first word or two, enough to find in an alphabetic list.
Article in book	Rose, Phyllis. “Modernism: The Case of Willa Cather.” American Fiction 1914 to 1945. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 61-76.
Signed article in reference book	Smith, Jane. “Agriculture.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. 4 vols. New York: Free, 1978.
		In text citation: (Smith 1:45-51). (Author vol. number: pages)
Unsigned article in reference book	“Noon.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.
		In text citation: (“Noon” def. 508-09). (use def. for definitions in dictionaries or encyclopedias)
Online book, General form	Author, Name. “Title of section (if applicable).” Book Title. Name of ed. or trans. (if applicable). Publication of original print version. Electronic publication info including Title of Internet Site, date of publication, sponsoring institution or organization. Date accessed <URL>.
Online book from subscription database	Fischbein, Ephraim. Intuition in Science and Mathematics: An Educational Approach. New York: Kluwer Academic Pub., 2002. NetLibrary. 30 July 2006 <http://www.netlibrary.com>.
Online book from Web	Menzel, Peter, and Faith D’Aluiso. “The New Paradigm.” Robo Sapiens: Evolution of a New Species. Cambridge: MIT P, 2000. MIT Press. 8 May 2006 <http://robosapiens.mit.edu>.

Pamphlets and brochures

Cite these as you would a book.
Examples	Washington, D.C. New York: Builder, 2000.
		In text citation: (Washington 2)
	Renoir Lithographies. New York: Dover, 1994.
		In text citation: Renoir tells about the artist as…

Citing Indirect sources

MLA prefers that material be taken from original sources. However, there may be times when you need to use an indirect source, for example, a published account of someone’s comment on another. Use the abbreviation qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source you cite in the parenthetical reference.

On Works Cited list	Boswell, James. The Life of Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck and L. F. Powell. 6 vols. Oxford: Claredon, 1934-50.
		In text: Samuel Burke admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

World Wide Web/Electronic/Online pages and documents

Note: A citation of an electronic source serves the same purpose as the citation of a print source: it identifies the source and gives sufficient information to allow a reader to locate it. A citation may include as many items as are relevant and available. In general, when an element is missing, it may be omitted. For instance, if no author is given, begin your citation with the next element, which is title.

General form	Author, Name. “Title of Web Page or Document.” Title of Web Page. Date of web site publication or update. Sponsoring Organization. Date accessed <URL>.
Examples	Dawe, James. Jane Austen Page. 1996. 15 Sept. 2006 <http://nyquist.ee.ualberta.ca/~dawe/Austen.html>.
	Harris, Jonathan G. "The Return of the Witch Hunts." Witchhunt Information Page. 16 Apr. 2004. 19 Nov. 2006 <http://web.mit.edu/harris/www/fells.short.html>.
	Pellegrino, Joseph. Home page. 24 Sept. 2006. 7 Feb. 2007 <http://www.english.eku.edu/pellegrino/personal.htm>.
		In-text citation Pellegrino gives the reasons why he grades students in this way.
	Romance Languages and Literature Home Page. 1 Jan. 2005. Dept. of Romance Lang. and Lit., U of Chicago. 2 Feb. 2007 <http://humanities.uchicago.edu/romance/>.
		In-text citation Many examples of this style can be found on the Romance Languages and Literature Home Page…
	Women’s Studies Resources. 7 Jan. 2007. U of Iowa. 19 Feb. 2007 <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/wstudies/theory.html>.
		In-text citation According to Women’s Studies Resources, most of what is currently known…
	“City Profile: San Francisco.” CNN.com. 2006. Cable News Network. 9 May 2006 <http://www.CNN.com/TRAVEL/atevo/city/SanFrancisco/intro.html>.
	“Fresco Painting.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2005. Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 March 2007 <http://search.eb.com/>.
		In-text citation …are applied directly to the wall surface (“Fresco Painting”).

Online articles, found in Library subscription databases

See: Journal, Magazine and Newspaper articles

Article in an online journal or magazine (not from a database)

Examples	Inada, Kenneth. "A Buddhist Response to the Nature of Human Rights." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 2.1 (1995): 26 June 2006 <http://jbe.la.psu.edu/>.
		In-text citation ..from all other sources (Inada, par. 13).
	Landsburg, Steven E. “Who Shall Inherit the Earth?” Slate 1 (May 1997). 2 Sept. 1998 <http://slate.com/Economics/97-05-01/Economics.asp>.
		In-text citation ..but it is Landsburg who gives the most convincing argument, stating that..

E-mail or personal correspondence

General form	Author, Name. "Title of the Message (if any)." E-mail to the author or Personal interview. Date of the message.
E-mail to the author	Newsome, James. “Quick Thoughts #5.” E-mail to the author. 24 Sept. 2006.
		In-text: According to Newsome,…
Personal interview	Pawlenty, Tim. Personal interview. 30 July 2006.
		In-text: According to Pawlenty,…

Note on Citing Electronic Sources Within the Text

Web documents usually don't have page numbers or numbered sections. When a Web page lacks numbering, omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If page, section, or paragraph numbering is embedded within the Web page, cite the relevant numbers. PDF files most often will have page numbers. Most HTML files will not have page numbers. Don't cite page numbers from printouts, since these numbers are variable from one computer to another.